Introduction
25 words
Main Body
Factors Behind low TFR And Ageing Population
Increased access to education has fueled individualism.
Ex. Kerala - (100% literacy) one of the lowest TFRs.
Policies advocating women's freedom have led to increased autonomy.
Ex. Sumangali Scheme in TN.
Better access to contraceptives for women and state's stress on family planning.
Ex. Claudia Goldin's Study: Better women contraceptives, low TFR. More Income.
Out-migration of white collar workers to the US, UAE, EU etc.
Ageing Population of dependents.
Better healthcare infrastructure and primary care have ensured more life expectancy.
Impact on Economic Growth / Social Welfare Policies
Positive:
Can lead to increased per capita income in the shorter run.
Decrease uneven/unequal over resources leads to inclusive growth.
Better state capacity to support health and education of people.
Lower pressure on land - can be used for economic purposes.
Negative → Demographic dividend into curse with working population decline.
High dependency ratio - necessitated more government expenditure on pensions, old age homes.
Increased burden on State to finance consumption expenditure in longer run.
Economic potential with retirement at 60.
Way Forward → Incentives to increase TFR
Ex. AP CM's announcement.
Leverage the silver economy with robust policies for old-age professionals.
Ensure political reconciliation for clubs through equitable definition.
Thus, it is imperative to leverage the declining TFR while not falling into the trap of 'one child policy'.
— Amrit Mahapatra · AIR 121
Conclusion
19 words
- Clear identification of multiple factors contributing to low TFR
- Uses specific state examples (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
- Connects education, women's autonomy, and access to contraceptives
- Mentions specific scheme (Sumangali Scheme)
Amrit Mahapatra
Indian Society
Population Dynamics and Demographics
Low TFR and Ageing Population in Southern States
282
Total words
20
Paragraphs
Analytical, policy-focused
Tone