Evaluate the intended and unintended consequences of British educational policies for the Indian society in the colonial period. (Answer in 250 words)

Intended consequences: (1) Education was largely neglected with 1813 act providing mere 1 lakh rupees (2) Downward filtration theory (Macaulay's minute) → Aimed to create a class of Indians who would serve British interests (3) Focus was to glorify western society to make Indian's subservient (E) Woods dispatch (1854) – began higher education focus on west only (4) No attention was paid to technical/medical education (5) Women's education was largely ignored (6) Universities were tightly controlled to prevent any dissent (E) Indian universities act 1904 under curzon (7) Mass education was completely neglected to prevent them from mobilizing against British (E) In 1921 India had a 9.1% literacy rate

Unintended consequences: (1) Rather than serving British interests, educated Indians' lord groundwork for mass movements

Unintended consequences: (1) Rather than serving British interests, educated Indians' lord groundwork for mass movements

Modernity (from 1885-1905): (2) Educated Indians expelled exploitative nature of British rule & exposed the white man's burden theory (E) Drain theory by Dadabhai Naoroji (3) Educated Indians acted as leaders of national movement (E) Nehru, Bose, etc. (4) National colleges & schools were set up to promote Indian education (5) During Swadeshi movement by Aurobindo Ghosh (5) Universities became hotspots for students to pass mobilize & fight British propaganda. Hence British policies even up helping the national movement

— Aryan Yadav · AIR 31