How did the social reform and ideological struggle against the backward traditional elements and hegemony of colonial culture in the nineteenth century influence the emergence of a distinct cultural identity and national consciousness?

SOCIAL reforms against BACKWARD elements: 1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy led to ending SATI practice. 2. Prathana Samaj under Ranade took parts against child marriage. 3. Arya Samaj made ease in rituals, caste orthodoxy ex: Current day INTER caste marriages in Arya Samaj. 4. Brahmo Samaj fought for MONOTHEISM & ending idolatry. 5. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar advocated end to KULINISM - Polygamy & start of WIDOW remarriages.

1. Parsi Rehnuma Marzyadasan Sabha for women education ex: RAST Gofar newspaper. 2. RAMAKRISHNA mission for Humanity service. 3. Theosophical Society & build CULTURAL Pride. 4. DECCAN education SOCIETY by TILAK for NATIONAL education. 5. Benares Hindu College, Aligarh movement for enhancing education access against trickle down. Impact of Reforms: tackle SOCIAL evils; respect for INDIAN culture; rise in Education; NEW middle class emergence; Awareness of IMPERIAL Policies.

Impact on distinct identity & national consciousness: 1. it created FIRST generation of 'NATION bred NATIONALISTS' ex: Surendranath Banerjee. 2. Foundation of INDIAN national congress. 3. Created theories on IMPERIAL rule ex: DRAIN theory by NAOROJI. 4. ANTI colonial movements ex: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee on 'Sanyasi revolt'. 5. MASS scale awakening ex: SWADESHI movement. 6. Participation of youth, women, workers.

— Chandana Jahnavi · AIR 50