Question Q.16GS1GS2

Bring out the major features of the Indian monsoon and elaborate upon its causative factors.

Main Body

Indian monsoon refers to reversal of winds by incoming of south-west monsoon and precipitation. Major features of Indian monsoon: (1) Onset during May to October - Summer monsoon. (2) Onset of monsoon begin from Western coast → Tamil Nadu-Himalayas & closely reaches Indo-gangetic plain in late June-July. (3) Variability of Indian monsoons - South West monsoon ~75% annual rainfall AIPD; North East Retreating monsoon - while return of ITCZ brings N.E. (4) Due to tropical cyclones which leads to rain in gangetic plains. (5) In NW region: it is due to western disturbance, caspian sea winds.

4Pre-monsoon showers → coffee blossoms, baisumbi etc E Contemporary features → 6/7. Decline in Indian monsoons IPCC due to climate change Causative factors: (1) Shift of ITCZ to Tropic of Cancer leading to heating. (2) Arrival of tropical cyclones/jetstream → bringing tropical cyclones. (3) Mascarenes high. Leading to shift of tradewinds. (4) South west winds bringing moisture total. (5) Differential heating of land and sea & sea at land breeze (by Coriolis rain). (6) High pressure & high heat region in Tibet due to shift of trough. In there

7El-nino /La-nina affects Indian monsoons (By Elution → late monsoon) (8) Indian Ocean Dipole: positive Indian ocean dipole leads to better monsoons. (4) Rising cloud-bursts → sudden precipitation (By Uttaranchal). (10) Tropical cyclones from Bay of Bengal due to eye & depression of low pressure (By monsoon in Singh). (11) North East monsoons due to deflection of SW to NE winds due to shift in mountains. Due to dust drags monsoons have been expected as decelerations, concentration, some annual rainfall. Way Forward: Monsoon maintenance with adequate storage of excess water, Blue Green infrastructure as lifeline of economy

— KRUPA A JAIN · AIR 190

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Diagram

Figure showing Indian monsoon system with latitudinal zones marked (40-60°E), showing Tibetan plateau, jets, and Mascarenes pressure systems

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Topper

KRUPA A JAIN

AIR 1902025

Subject & Paper

GS1GS2

Topic

Indian Constitution - Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions and Basic Structure

Significant Provisions

Indian Monsoon System

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284

Total words

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