Article 21 of the Constitution has been interpreted expansively to encompass various facets of personal freedom and dignity. Elucidate with the help of important case laws.
Introduction
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Article 21 provides freedom of life & liberty except by law. (Defence practice) Expansive Interpretation: (1) Maneka Gandhi Case → an octradeshine established by law made to take just. Introduced "due process of law". Protection against executive & legislative tyranny. (2) Puttuswamy Judgment → is right to privacy is a fundamental right. (3) Shreya Singh Judgment → chilling after on right to freedom of life. (4) MK Ranjit Singh Case → right eight adverse effects of climate change. (5) Unnikrishnan Case → right to education for 6-19 years of age ground. Later converted to Article 21-A. (6) Right against Bare letter, against solitary confinement. (7) Right to sleep, electricity & internet. (8) Right to health, right to decent working conditions. (9) Right to quality legal aid. (Article 39A) (10) Right to choose one's life partner Thus, Supreme Court has taken a broad view of Article-21 for nurturing Indian Democracy towards maturity.
— SATVIK SHARMA · AIR 327
SATVIK SHARMA
Indian Constitution - Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions and Basic Structure
Right to Privacy and Article 21
Expansive Interpretation through Case Laws
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Paragraphs
formal and case-law focused
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