Missile defence systems are becoming critical for national security in the face of evolving regional threats and advanced weapon technologies. Explain the working principle of missile defence systems. Critically assess India's progress in developing indigenous missile defence capabilities.

Recent operation Sindoor highlighted the evolving nature of warfare where increasing use of missiles and drones calls for strengthening of Missile defence systems. Working Principle of Missile defence System: 1) Radar unit - Track the incoming missile using waves [with diagram] 2) Missile unit - Engage the target based on Radar units - Missile → Proximity kill → Blast near incoming missile to destroy the target

India's progress in indigenous Missile defence system Achievements: Multilayer Defence System - Long range, Medium range, Short-range Akash Missile System → Integration of S-400 with Indian systems Collaboration with Israel for Intermediate system Challenges faced by India: Defence import → S-400 from Russia Delayed DRDO Project → Astra kusva Limited coverage against Drone SWARM → Technology transfer agreement for domestic production → Timely completion of Astra kusva → Better multilayer grid and use of directed energy weapon Thus withstanding threat from Chinaand Pakistan calls for greater investment in Missile defence system and more collaboration with Akfis and Israel

— Jayant Garg · AIR 64