Waste circularity is emerging as a sustainable solution to India's mounting solid waste crisis. Discuss the key principles of waste circularity and the government's initiative in this regard. How effective have these measures been in fostering a circular economy?

Linear economy - Produce → Use → Waste Circular economy - Produce, Recycle, Reduce, Reuse Fundamentally circular economy solution to hung solid waste crisis. India would largest producers of plastic waste. Key Principles of Waste Circularity: 1) Reuse - Promoting reuse of product for reducing mineral usage - VEX Cloth bag instead of plastic 2) Reduce - Product engineering to reduce unnecessary packaging 3) Recycling - Recycle waste for new production process 4) Polluter pay principle - Obligation of producers, importers and others to reduce waste generation and collection at end of life. Government Measures: 1) Plastic Waste Management Rules - Norms on recycling and polluter play principles. 2) Mandatory recycling targets for producers and marketable certificates. 3) Plastic Pact by CII to reduce plastic waste and adopt circular economy 4) Swach Bharat Mission - Clean legacy landfills under SBM-UMOR and reduce offering 5) Ban on Single use plastics and increase thickness of plastics to promote reuse.

— Jayant Garg · AIR 64