What do you understand by heat waves? Highlight the reasons and impact of the rising frequency of heat waves across India. Also, recommend some measures to mitigate its impact.

Heat waves are defined as, in plains, temperature crossing 40°C and greater than 45°C in 45°C increase then normal. Heatwave hitting the wave is considered severe heatwave. Heat waves in: Plains 3: Temperature > 45°C (irrespective of normal) Hills 3: Temperature > 30°C and 4-5°C than normal rest 3: Temperature > 48°C Temperature > 39°C and 40°C [add overall] east. Reasons of rising frequency of heat waves 3: 1) Climate change and global warming 3 → Erratic monsoons (2023 monsoons)

Increasing temperatures (1.2°C pre-industrial level) → Last decade had 5 warmest years in last century → Increasing El-Nino and La-Nina impacts 2) Anthropogenic → Urban Heat Island effect → Emission of GHG and water discharge into lakes → High absorbing materials in construction asphalt 3) Natural 3: → Jet stream supported anticyclone circulation (Hawaiian wild stress 2023) → Dry winds (like chinook) Impact 3: 1) Decreasing productivity at labour (Poor demographic dividend → 2-3/, GDP loss of India 2) Mortality of sole bread owners in poor families (20,000 in past 30 yrs)

— ATLA-THARUN-TEJA · AIR 123